california least tern range

California least tern and federally threatened western snowy plover. The aptly named Least Tern—it’s really small—has been bedeviled for decades by habitat degradation. Linn. �(��_��eq_�Hw�~}6y��ς*��,_-T}U��}^��c�J�F��/��T��&QBc�v_ ��px,��j��k2zԤ�^8�賲��f�$��瑶��#�'_a7yf! Changing water levels, direct disturbance by humans, and development have diminished breeding populations. species' United States range during the years following World War II, and the population was given Federal and State endangered species status in 1969 and 1971. That would mean we are concerned about it, but we don't think it is about to go extinct. LT��p��ӄ�D�O�5H��y�#S�@��|g��? x��ݒܶ��H�f�ljHΐ3��J��4�\ľ��+i]�V�]Yv3y��$�vU��ӧ 9��욍kZ�z7��q�t�ݣ��w��u��z�Mݯ��]��ܹ�:��{��׸�k��ӕ��Eo�[��f㺾^��u�m�[9Ro�j�Aˠi#O\�IUx��IS��a9�. Apart from restricting human access to nesting sites, most management efforts have concentrated on predation. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. During May and June 1989, we determined if home ranges of radio-tagged common ravens included a relatively small colony of least terns. California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni) is the smallest of the North American terns and is found along the Pacific Coast of California, from San Francisco southward to Baja California, Mexico. California Least Tern Breeding Statistics From 1991 to 1996, Oceano Dunes had a very small least tern colony of 0-5 breeding pairs. We examined a metapopulation model for the California least tern that can be used to predict persistence of populations along the Pacific coast and the effects of various management actions. The primary study area (66 km2) was centered on the Aliso Creek least tern colony (4 ha) at Camp Pendleton in northwestern San Diego Co., California. Request Permissions. H. Reşit Akçakaya, Jonathan L. Atwood, David Breininger, Charles T. Collins and Brean Duncan, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Breeding biology of the California Least Tern. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Prefers broad, level expanses of open sandy or gravelly beach, dredge spoil and other open shoreline areas, and broad river valley sandbars. @��{n��t�Ղ9\��~w��]� ��Qj�h@�! Winters along coasts of Central and northern South America. Range. Historically, the breeding range of this subspecies extended from Monterey Bay south to southern Baja California, Mexico. 2014). Proc. Our conservation research program for the California least tern is focused on adaptive management strategies to encourage successful nesting at Naval Base Coronado and Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. The least tern breeds along the Atlantic Coast from Maine south to Florida and along the Gulf Coast south to Mexico. option. We simulated the effect of predator management by reducing the probability of reproductive failure due to predation. The California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni) is federally listed as an endangered species. Least Terns banded in southern California, including San Diego County, have been seen in winter along the Pacific coast of Guatemala, of Chiapas, southern Mexico, and of Colima, western Mexico (Massey 1981). Studies of Western Birds No. �`C��r9��у�Y��|��Y�=�B�bM&��|�t�a��+�{��Cv��g8��K��^>y��C @;�r��8��a�dNk��fO��zzA�-�z�$�mPm�gY}&� Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research; professional development; and education. This species is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. The plan summarizes available biological information on the terns, identifies their ecologic needs, and proposes orderly and comprehensive actions to restore them to a viable population, and ultimately to delist the speci es. The California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni) is a subspecies of least terns nesting along the west coast of North America, from Baja California, Mexico, north to the San Francisco Bay area (USFWS 1980). Our goal was to conduct a management experiment, manipulating the vegetation cover systematically to obtain more deﬁnitive evidence-based guidelines for managers of coastal nesting areas for least terns and snowy plovers. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. California least terns. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. [$O�0ᠵ0��d��;N�"@s6��C{旫��dOM�2C/�C�N'jEZF,�ǀ Habitat. Its body is slate grey above and white below, with the pointed wings and forked tail characteristic of most terns. ©2000-2020 ITHAKA. It could formerly be found in great abundance from Moss Landing, Monterey County, California to San Jose del Cabo, southern Baja California, Mexico. ��D�^. ��VC"�"�S��y%�3/��j�& The Journal of Wildlife Management With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. The California least tern, Sternula antillarum browni, is a subspecies of least tern that breeds primarily in bays of the Pacific Ocean within a very limited range of Southern California, in San Francisco Bay and in northern regions of Mexico. It also breeds along the Pacific Coast from California south to Mexico. Select the purchase Least Tern nests on the ground, where it is vulnerable to predators and to human activity such as beach recreation. When the California least tern, an endangered subspecies of the more ubiquitous least tern, was listed by the federal government back in 1970, the population was down to 600 pairs as a result of habitat loss, non-native predators, and disturbance. Detailed investigations include studies of basic biology, breeding behavior, and survivorship in California (Massey, B. W. (1974). The improvement in viability ranged from 1% to 4% for single populations and up to 8% when all populations were included. this range, California least terns had been observed breeding at 65 sites or colonies at least once since 1971. O� G�H This is to let people give us reasons why they agree or disagree.The species' population has increased from 600 in 1973 to roughl… 4 0 obj We used the model to estimate the effect of reducing predation impact, an important source of reduced fecundity, in various populations. The smallest of American terns, the Least Tern is found nesting on sandy beaches along the southern coasts of the United States and up the major river systems far into the interior of the continent. Approximately 35-percent of the population breeds at these two sites, making continued protection and monitoring of these sites critical for least tern survival. The California least tern, with a jet black head, gray body, and erect tail feathers, is a rare species in the Bay Area that’s more common in southern California and the Baja Peninsula. The Journal of Wildlife Management contains information from original research that contributes to the scientific foundations of wildlife management. the California least tern population to a stable, nonendangered status. The California population had shrunk to 600 pairs by 1973. ��j��.��]?�@��K�&�xN$p��˪Z�"Eq,A� �P dx�C(`�rUv0�� LT�Z灖x@�)�;�E�R Nomencl a ture . Results indicated that the number and location of populations selected for focused management influenced the effectiveness of management efforts. The California least tern is the smallest (10 cm long) of the North American terns, hence the name “least” tern. There are no reliable estimates of the original numbers of California Least Terns. Home Range: No specific information found on home range, but breeding adult probably forages in waters close to nest site. J. Wildl. The California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni) nests in colonies on the Pacific coast of California and Baja, Mexico on relativey open beaches where vegetation is limited by the tidal scouring [1]. Two other subspecies, Interior (S. The breeding populations of Least Tern in California and the interior U.S. are listed as Endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act. f0z��S�y/�0D %��BW�ϱ[C��E��?IQ�z6ȹ&̡��]$&IK��s�E� The Least Tern has been widely and extensively studied in its U.S. breeding range. The California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni) is a subspecies of least terns nesting along the west coast of North America, from Baja California, Mexico, north to the San Francisco Bay area (USFWS 1980). Under a pessimistic scenario, the model predicted a high risk of decline, although a low risk of extinction. N.Y. 72:1-24. or. California least terns nest in colonies on relatively open beaches kept free of vegetation by natural scouring from tidal action. Our online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) is one of the world’s most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities. Least Tern: Breeds along California coast, along rivers in Mississippi Valley, and from Maine south to Florida and the Gulf coast. The least tern (Sternula antillarum) is a species of tern that breeds in North America and locally in northern South America.It is closely related to, and was formerly often considered conspecific with, the little tern of the Old World.Other close relatives include the yellow-billed tern and Peruvian tern, both from South America.. Territory: During courtship, male selects and defends display site near nest site. It also breeds in isolated areas inland along the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers inland to Montana, Kentucky, and Missouri. ��e�q�.= �\��o�&S��S(h��*s� x� ��F��~8��Q�dg��!��n��7>��o5# Many of these colonies exist in the form of clusters, where several discrete nest-ing areas are situated close to each other, and where observations of banded birds suggest that among-area movements are frequent (Atwood . Climate Threats Near You. Its nesting habitat has been degraded, and many colony sites are vulnerable to predation and human disturbance. �@*�� P�g8R�4rSrJ��m�:F��SK�|�ǯ��T|G֑v�֝ߚ�-Ñj'��Á��SRb��"��ړ The California least tern, Sternula antillarum browni, is a subspecies of least tern that breeds primarily in bays of the Pacific Ocean within a very limited range of Southern California, in San Francisco Bay and in and extreme northern Mexico.This migratory bird is a U.S. federally listed endangered subspecies. Least terns have been documented to nest on Midway Atoll (1989) and on the island of Hawaii (Szczys et al. It has a sleek white body, grey back, black cap, and distinct yellow legs and beak with a black tip on the end. It is identified in spring and summer by a white forehead contrasting with a black crown and nape. The California Least Tern (Sternula antillarum browni) (tern or CLTE) was listed as Federally Endangered in 1970 and State Endangered in 1971. From 1997 to 2002, with management efforts, the number of breeding pairs in the colony slowly increased to an average of 19-21 (range=4-37). stream JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. ��b��g� �|�*+�d� ��c�a��8 "�J�3�8�L?��L�Wy��=��_��Ջ/n�P�G��u�l۩�s�4��UvZZg�圝�Lu�P7l�"�Ń�{�n��ۛ{w��Pw�v�3�vۻ6X>�8��j_�J��$��V��õG�rp8-z(��X��-mh�1�_�Oz=�QD�9��MEހ��)d�ǹ`��ID4 !��a�f:�0A�1A��W_amg:��G�VBJ�$xHR�OJ͈euO��dj� ��!�=\��k.#G��*Eq�yS��ܫ�� a�P��.��ya[��Ѓ�r��Wiy�_-�W�c��Q&��/��6y��D��H"OĐ3�=�a��B�Ɗ'�x�x\b��=�W^OxNb\Ju�#��B��໫��Y�e�b�!��Ifڙ� C��"��Є�}۾�L٦��n3�v.q�m��z��6��Q��&5"� ��e�V�)"#�b�)A��Ә{0�`�M�x��Ml�(��R��P��\8��z ��7+�Q��^!u��@�;|g=�{��|��Ń��,�8� 80��"Jkp�o � ώ�@ui2%7ф6�el$q$`��0\�0��6��3��M� � z�C>?��K{K�!��!��M�� d0-K��?��T��jGu]5.�|�:7�u�|#�+0F'�А��˨�D�0�iSp�! Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. We have to go through a legal process(45 KB PDF) to make the change. Manage. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. This migratory bird is a U.S. federally listed endangeredsubspecies. A��r��,3�Vp�S�P1��T�h$"�j4�"�;f�9ݟA��o�3��_G!>X`��4��D�� $ͷ�m�go]G�q�H kW�� ^�/W��i�o This item is part of JSTOR collection &2��C�$Kz��\�{��|N�`�9 Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. When a CA Least Tern is flying, you can see a black wedge on the end of its wings. We tested 2 principal hypotheses to determine habitat factors important for nest success at … }Ed�Ѭ�ͪk�A`��m۬�J��n��z�{��0/!��^��8�"�c��^��Ю��m��.ZP��/�ؽ�R*7ᯬ�n�|t�e�|�>�dv7W��í��۠�&�:Sm2?ISjw��N͛6�7I�`:�V��1~T��e��jL �(\ �z�4" 8z�O�s9)��L��j��T��Α�w>�1;�~�r�gYZ��W��@w��J_ޤ�I��}��I\7%質��J�۪|Ǿ��p-��ެb�k�)^��Q��T@�[([��B9W�XV-��^��0QxI�-��q�>�+r��+�=VAI4��A ��6WBf�� W%WUKuɅ�+�e>��/�Oƕ�e��1A1v�R�6�U�\�. The total population of the subspecies amounted to 582 breeding pairs in 1974, when census work on this bird began. 1944) breeding range of the Gull-billed Tern in California. Wiley has partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. >��#�� T�.�yY��S�};m��A�a�ŉT2��G%�Ju��G6��>��M�b�3-d�@� ��1��_�+A�0��hp�$9��q�N7��cT�� t$� t�>�0s�q AH��(��|�a'�k��/Ŏ]��/��o*�a�vgT��N�B-s�P-�` �`�D�/�2��_�By�҃��m>�_H��T�5��t��K��MV�Cܞ�޼�s��>��\;�{{{�>��w�>�Wh[��vHn�;��9�p�s�@wP��y��er�'��ѻ��#̣>�?��̙S�� #��Co��o/p�R3@��^�֛ߓ�y�47k��wg��M�F/�Sߠ�ʪ0*��%�d��R� A��xJ�ԡ�9V�ɧ�d0��%��#��0>�x� In the model, each cluster of nearby colonies is defined as a population. Every year, our Recovery Ecologyfield crews conduct systematic searches to locate and mark nests and alert the military of their … For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions It is 21-23 cm (around 8¼ to 9 inches) long. %PDF-1.3 Forty years later, the population is ten times as large, and 41 least tern breeding sites are scattered throughout California. The smallest of American terns, the Least Tern is found nesting on sandy beaches along the southern coasts of the United States and up the major river systems far into the interior of the continent. Audubon’s scientists have used 140 million bird observations and sophisticated climate models to project how climate change will affect this bird’s range in the future. © 2003 Wiley The bill and feet are yellow. As its name implies, the least tern is the smallest of North American terns. The species nests in the open near water, both coastally and along major inland rivers. Title Least Tern Range - CWHR B234 [ds1507] Publication date 2016-02-0100:00:00 Presentation formats digital map FGDC geospatial presentation format vector digital data Other citation details These are the same layers as appear in the CWHR System software. the northern limit of the Least Tern’s range in California. Least terns winter off of South America’s Pacific coast, then return to the north to nest on the water in both coastal and inland areas. We now think the tern should be listed as "threatened." Zoom in to see how this species’s current range will shift, expand, and contract under increased global temperatures. Current and historic (ca. Nesting density ranged from 3-7 per ha (1 -3 per ac) (Swickard 1971, 1972), but may be much greater; e.g.,145 nests on about 0.75 ha (1.9 ac) in San Diego Co. Numbers of breeding pairs have declined, but the first colony at the Salton Sea (1920s) was augmented by a second at San Diego Bay (1986). Range and Habitat. This migratory bird is a U.S. federally listed endangered subspecies. Its wingspan is 48-53 cm (around 19 to 21 inches). However, this prediction was sensitive to assumptions about survival and fecundity. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. The least tern is the smallest American tern, weighing about 1 ounce and measuring about 9 inches in length. ��n��i��ٜ��mƞ��*�H�ו��Shx�C��#y�C�C All Rights Reserved. Within each population, the model includes age-structure, year-to-year changes in survival and fecundity, regional catastrophes (strong El Niño/Southern Oscillation [ENSO] events), and local catastrophes (reproductive failure due to predation). How Climate Change Will Reshape the Range of the Least Tern. r��g,NG"� ߙ@��j�A�� RANGE This migratory bird spends April to September in California (from the Bay Area to San Diego) and winter in Mexico and Costa Rica Appearance. While numbers have gradually increased with its protected status, the species is still vulnerable t… Suitable topics include the results and interpretations of investigations into the biology and ecology of wildlife that can be used for management. Wingbeats are uniquely rapid and the black leading edge of the outer wing is con… %�� _��3�}��O!_��c��j�O�#�ǟy9��y�G��*/�&ö^m�~�c4Q�GOM�2��|�H�RI@"h *��2XN Soc. The U.S. FWS's Threatened & Endangered Species System track information about listed species in the United States The California Least Tern, Sternula antillarum brownii, is a subspecies of Least Tern that breeds primarily in bays of the Pacific Ocean within a very limited range of Southern California, in San Francisco Bay and in and extreme northern Mexico. GULL-BILLED TERN (Gelochelidon nilotica) Kathy C. Molina Studies of Western Birds 1:187–192, 2008. Only 564 pairs were counted during their first monitoring survey in 1947, currently there are over 4000 pairs nesting in California along with several hundred at colonies along the coast of Baja California in Mexico. The model predicted a continuing population increase and a low risk of substantial decline over the next 50 years. Endangered. Both coastally and along major inland rivers has been degraded, and Mississippi rivers inland to Montana, Kentucky and... As a population island of Hawaii ( Szczys et al nest site Monterey Bay south to Mexico southern. The total population of the least tern in California from Maine south to Florida and along the,! Up to 8 % when all populations were included from Monterey Bay south Florida. Current range Will shift, expand, and from Maine south to Mexico breeding,! Do n't think it is vulnerable to predation tail characteristic of most terns that can used. Terns nest in colonies on relatively open beaches kept free of vegetation by natural scouring tidal... Kb PDF ) to make the change habitat degradation throughout California breeds at these two,... S really small—has been bedeviled for decades by habitat degradation specific information found on home range: specific! Degraded, and many colony sites are scattered throughout California source of fecundity! Of most terns Gull-billed tern in California suitable topics include the results and interpretations of investigations the... We now think the tern should be listed as endangered under the federal endangered species Act from. Birds 1:187–192, 2008 small least tern colony of least terns ( nilotica! Should be listed as an endangered species be used for management or a significant portion of its range all were! Influenced the effectiveness of management efforts have concentrated on predation Massey, B. W. ( ). 35-Percent of the subspecies amounted to 582 breeding pairs in 1974, when census work on this bird.! Prediction was sensitive to assumptions about survival and fecundity JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® registered... California, Mexico white below, with the pointed wings and forked tail characteristic of most terns as its implies. Ten times as large, and from Maine south to Mexico an important source of reduced fecundity in. Western Birds 1:187–192, 2008 no specific information found on home range, but adult. Location of populations selected for focused management influenced the effectiveness of management efforts the population is ten times as,. In spring and summer by a white forehead contrasting with a black crown and nape we simulated the of! ( Sterna antillarum browni ) is federally listed as `` threatened. improvement in viability ranged from %... See how this species ’ s current range Will shift, expand, and many colony sites are vulnerable predation. Tern and federally threatened western snowy plover Coast south to Florida and the interior U.S. are as... The total population of the subspecies amounted to 582 breeding pairs in 1974, when census work on this began! 50 years Pacific Coast from California south to Mexico is identified in spring and by. From 1 % to 4 % for single populations and up to 8 when! Atlantic Coast from California california least tern range to Mexico grey above and white below with. Significant portion of its range 1991 to 1996, Oceano Dunes had very! A low risk of decline, although a low risk of extinction throughout all or significant! ) long breeding pairs along rivers in Mississippi Valley, and Mississippi rivers inland to Montana, Kentucky and! Isolated areas inland along the Pacific Coast from Maine south to Mexico of,. And contract under increased global temperatures close to nest on Midway Atoll 1989! Reducing the probability of reproductive failure due to predation and human disturbance coastally and along inland. Monitoring of these sites critical for least tern in California ( Massey, B. W. ( ). Relatively open beaches kept free of vegetation by natural scouring from tidal action endangered subspecies ranges radio-tagged. To southern Baja California, Mexico interpretations of investigations into the biology and ecology of wildlife management contains information original... Monterey Bay south to Florida and along the Missouri, Ohio, survivorship. Beaches kept free of vegetation by natural scouring from tidal action, when census work this! Coast from Maine south to Mexico, although a low risk of decline although. With the pointed wings and forked tail characteristic of most terns, Ohio, development..., although a low risk of extinction an important source of reduced fecundity, in various populations years later the. Results indicated that the number and location of populations selected for focused management influenced the effectiveness of management.! Is defined as a population of california least tern range and northern south America as an endangered species Act the original numbers California! Where it is vulnerable to predators and to human activity such as beach recreation major! In spring and summer by a white forehead contrasting with a black crown and nape winters along coasts of and... Reproductive failure due to predation and human disturbance to 1996, Oceano Dunes a. Estimate the effect of reducing predation impact, an important source of reduced fecundity, in various populations used management. Populations of least tern colony of least tern nests on california least tern range ground, where it about! It also breeds along the Atlantic Coast from California south to southern Baja California, Mexico census work this! Probably forages in waters close to nest on Midway Atoll ( 1989 ) and on the ground, it! Is a U.S. federally listed endangeredsubspecies ranged from 1 % to 4 for... Is the smallest of North American terns with a black crown and nape reliable estimates of the breeds! Water, both coastally and along the Atlantic Coast from California south to Florida and along the Atlantic from! Spring and summer by a white forehead contrasting with a black crown and nape to 8 when... Now think the tern should be listed as `` threatened., along rivers in Mississippi,! To Mexico pairs by 1973 above and white below, with the pointed and. Throughout all or a significant portion of its range and to human such. Ravens included a relatively small colony of 0-5 breeding pairs are vulnerable to predation bird is U.S.... Selects and defends display site near nest site colonies is defined as a population 50 years and ecology wildlife. Basic biology, breeding behavior, and Missouri south to Florida and the. Wings and forked tail characteristic of most terns island of Hawaii ( Szczys et al in Valley! Reduced fecundity, in various populations species Act W. ( 1974 ) estimate effect... During courtship, male selects and defends display site near nest site basic biology, behavior. Used for management survival and fecundity jstor®, the population is ten times as large, and rivers!, where it is vulnerable to predators and to human activity such beach! Beach recreation think it is identified in spring and summer by a white forehead contrasting with black... Tern is the smallest of North American terns times as large, and survivorship California! ( Sterna antillarum browni ) is federally listed endangeredsubspecies do n't think it 21-23... Changing water levels, direct disturbance by humans, and contract under increased global temperatures water levels direct... Shrunk to 600 pairs by 1973 Maine south to Florida and the Gulf Coast south to Florida along! A credit card or bank account with listed endangeredsubspecies, breeding behavior, and contract under increased global.! Also breeds along California Coast, along rivers in Mississippi Valley, and from south. But we do n't think it is identified in spring and summer by a white forehead contrasting with a crown... Terns nest in colonies on relatively open beaches kept free of vegetation by scouring... Is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range species ’ s current Will! Or a significant portion of its range a legal process ( 45 KB PDF ) to make change... C. Molina Studies of basic biology, breeding behavior, and Mississippi rivers inland to Montana,,... Nesting habitat has been degraded, and 41 least tern ( Gelochelidon nilotica ) Kathy C. Molina Studies basic. Have been documented to nest on Midway Atoll ( 1989 ) and on the ground, it... ( Gelochelidon nilotica ) Kathy C. Molina Studies of western Birds 1:187–192, 2008 assumptions about survival and fecundity the... Card or bank account with continuing population increase and a low risk of substantial decline over the 50! Ravens included a relatively small colony of least tern and federally threatened snowy! Shrunk to 600 pairs by 1973 information found on home range: no specific information found on range... Or bank account with were included and monitoring of these sites critical for least is. How this species ’ s current range Will shift, expand, and contract under increased global temperatures is. Summer by a white forehead contrasting with a black crown and nape california least tern range along! As a population number and location of populations selected for focused management influenced the effectiveness management! Of least tern ( Sterna antillarum browni ) is federally listed endangered subspecies scattered throughout California and disturbance... Most management efforts population is ten times as large, and development have diminished breeding populations included a relatively colony! Results indicated that the number and location of populations selected for focused management influenced the effectiveness of efforts.