The efficiency of polycrystalline solar Sub: Solar Engineering Assignment No: 01 Name: Sri Dipanka Saikia (ENE17026) Topic: Different Solar Cell Properties and Characteristics. This heated liquid is used to make steam that produces electricity. The problem lies in the change of temperature and humidity near a solar panel; if the energy producing panels are kept non-centralized, they should not create the same local, mass temperature change that could have such bad effects on the environment. An ideal solar cell may be modeled by a current source in parallel with a diode; in practice no solar cell is ideal, so a shunt resistance and a series resistance component are added to the model. Glass-Tedler modules typically are standard modules, produced in large quantities. This cool gas will be used to absorb heat from the area of interest and then be forced into a region of higher pressure where the excess heat will be lost to the outside world. Only a small portion of the energy radiated by the sun into space strikes the earth, one part in two billion. With swimming pools, the desired result is a warm pool. The additional energy they take in due to the correction of facing more than compensates for the energy needed to drive the extra machinery. Glass-glass modules are mainly applied in building-integrated PV. The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. Environmentally, it is one of the least destructive of all the sources of energy. Often their natural ability to convert radiation to heat is enhanced in some way or another (by being painted black, for example) and a system for transferring the heat to a different location is generally added. When the layer absorbs light, an excited state is created. The electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-red light, and ultra-violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions. These variables all affect the amount of radiation that falls on the collector. Numerically, it is capable of producing the raw power required to satisfy the entire planet’s energy needs. When the solar cell is exposed to sunlight, photons hit the electrons in the valence band and give them enough energy to migrate into the conduction band. Electrical Engineering Assignment Help will be an additional option for you that raise your knowledge in a suitable way. The parallel connection of strings occurs in a generator junction box where the necessary safety equipment may also be located. 1. A typical I-U curve of a crystalline silicon PV cell is provided in Figure 11. In 1839 a French physicist first discovered the photovoltaic effect while experimenting with an electrolytic cell made up of two metal electrodes. It may seem strange, but one of the most common uses of solar energy today is cooling. People use energy for many things, but a few general tasks consume most of the energy. It is due to this withdrawal of support that has left the impression that solar power cannot succeed without substantial subsidies. Solar power has two big advantages over fossil fuels. 1. The resulting equivalent circuit of a solar cell is shown on the left. The industry started in the early 1920s and was in full swing just before World War 11. When photons strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed (transmitted through the cell). ● P-type: Boron or gallium is added. Also shown, on the right, is the schematic representation of a solar cell for use in circuit diagrams. A photon can be thought of as a packet of light and the energy of a photon is proportional to the wavelength of light. Solar energy is energy that comes from the sun. By 2010, different thin-film technologies are expected to become a valuable alternative for wafer-type silicon. Four hydrogen nuclei fuse to become one helium atom. By the year 1960, several documents were written showing different solar cells built using different materials for the p-n junction, some key documents written by Prince, Loferski, Rappaport and Wysoski, Shockley and Queisser developed the fundamentals of p-n junction cell operation including the theoretical relationship between band gap, incident spectrum, temperature, thermodynamics and efficiency [46]. Clearly, solar energy is a resource of the future. Where does all this energy go? As of 2005, for example, China accounted for almost 30% of global growth where the European community accounted for just 5%. –          Attachment of front and back metal contacts, typically by screen printing. One important development was a remarkably efficient solar boiler invented by Charles Greeley Abbott, an American astrophysicist, in 1936. At the same time the fossil fuel industry was experiencing problems with supply and cost, China’s economy was developing at incredible rates. There, a n-doped semiconductor contact collects the conduction-band electrons and drives them to the external … All around the world energy sustainability was getting more attention because of energy security issues and climate change. As early as the 7th century B.C., people used simple magnifying glasses to concentrate the light of the sun into beams so hot they would cause wood to catch fire. It can be tapped later by allowing the chemical to revert to its solid form. Heat energy can be stored in a liquid, such as water, or in a packed bed. Nevertheless, most results may also be extended to other types of PV cells. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used. Indeed, if a solar energy systems were incorporated into every business and dwelling, no land would have to be destroyed in the name of energy. Additionally, the module structure protects the cells and conductors from humidity. However, the most recent expansion of solar power is occurring mainly in Germany and Japan. The MPP voltage of a crystalline silicon cell under STC is slightly less than 0.5V,as a consequence of appropriate doping. This application is a very simple adjustment from the normal fossil fuel water heaters. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone). . The energy of the collector is used to change the chemical to its liquid phase, and is as a result stored in the chemical itself. They are about 0.3mm thick. Practically, it can be adjusted to power nearly everything except transportation with very little adjustment, and even transportation with some modest modifications to the current general system of travel. The sun generates energy in its core in a process called nuclear fusion. Together these two countries, with Japan’s sunshine program and Germany’s 100.000 solar roofs program along with several government subsidies account for a full 69% of the world market for PV as of 2005. Solar PV Cell Development by Arhaam Mubarak MME201002 Research Assignment A solar cell (also known as a photovoltaic cell or PV cell) is defined as an electrical device that converts light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. The obtained crystalline form is a silvery, metallic looking substance. The Power Division made recommendation such as ceasing gas supply to gas-fired power plants after 2012 to conserve gas reserves for domestic use. They can be of nearly any size, and have an output that is directly related to a few variables including size, facing, and cleanliness. Sometimes the pool itself functions as the storage unit, and sometimes a packed bed is added to store the heat. The most used semiconductor material is silicon, which in its naturally occurring state has the unique property of 4 electrons in its outer orbit, allowing them to form perfect covalent bonds with four neighboring atoms, thus creating a lattice. To avoid this loss, the electrons must be highly mobile, as they are in pure silicon. On September 15th 2009, the Power Division of the Ministry of Power, Energy  and Mineral Resources of Bangladesh pushed for urgent action to be taken to improve the country’s energy outlook. ), Since the parameters I0, n, RS, and RSH cannot be measured directly, the most common application of the characteristic equation is nonlinear regression to extract the values of these parameters on the basis of their combined effect on solar cell behavior. At first glance this might seem surprising since neither Germany or Japan have a large amount of  sunlight, but their lack of fossil fuel sources combined with a national government committed to sustainable energy programs have enabled solar power to thrive. When the solar cell is exposed to sunlight, photons hit the electrons in the valence band and give them enough energy to migrate into the conduction band. Everything from changes in local rain conditions to another Ice Age has been predicted as a result of producing solar energy on this scale. The goal of the course is to give students awareness of the largest alternative form of energy and how organic / polymer solar cells can harvest this energy. Solar Thermal Electricity – This also uses a solar collector: it has a mirrored surface that reflects the sunlight onto a receiver that heats up a liquid. Depending on the applied area, efficiencies found in the literature vary significantly. the valence band. There are main two ways we can produce electricity from the sun: Photovoltaic Electricity – This method uses photovoltaic cells that absorb the direct sunlight just like the solar cells you see on some calculators. Cu2S/CdS disappeared soon due to stability problems related to electrochemical decomposition. The Siemens. Figure 11.25 illustrates the operation of a basic photovoltaic cell, also called a solar cell. Also called a solar cell, the photovoltaic cell is able to create electricity directly from photons. Clearly, the present gas production capacity in Bangladesh can’t support both domestic gas needs,  as well as wider electricity generation for the country . During nuclear fusion, the sun’s extremely high pressure and hot temperature cause hydrogen atoms to come apart and their nuclei (the central cores of the atoms) to fuse or combine. Research the different types of solar cells and produce a table of solar cell technologies vs. efficiency achieved in the laboratory and in production. The pond is placed either adjacent to or on the building, and it will absorb solar energy and convert it to heat during the day. Data Gathering Tree for Wireless Sensor Networks, Data Security Services for Smartphone Users, Annual Report 2011-2012 of Lanco Infratech Limited, Format for Rate Increase Letter from Courier Service, Project report on Investment Programs of EXIM Bank, Sample Leave Application format Due to Death of Husband, Assignment on Solar Radiation and Solar Cell, The Role of Electricity Infrastructure in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Smart Grid. Offered by Technical University of Denmark (DTU). By adding several atoms of arsenic or phosphorous, enough electrons will be able to move, allowing an electrical current to flow through the material. Typically. The main driving factor, as with almost all emerging industries, is economic sensibility. While large, relatively slow vehicles like ships could power themselves with large onboard solar panels, small constantly turning vehicles like cars could not. In order to prevent shadowed cells from reverse bias and consecutive breakdown, each substring of typically 18 series-connected solar cells is equipped with an ant parallel diode. During the day, the area will stay cool as the floor absorbs most of the heat, and at night, the area will stay warm as the stone re-emits the heat it absorbed during the day. Photovoltaic cells are made of special materials calle… Figure (26): I-U curve of a crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell (PV cell) offers a limitless and environmentally friendly source of electricity. Electricity for All” by the year 2020.Bangladesh is one of the most severely affected counties of the World due to climate change and global warming effects. In order to make sure that all solar cells in one string have the same MPP current, for module production solar cells are usually screened and sorted according to their efficiency or even their I-U curves [55]. The absence of electrons creates the effect of positive charge, hence the “p-type” name . Solar cars depend on PV cells to convert sunlight into electricity to drive electric motors. Inside the module, the cells are connected in series and parallel by means of copper strips in order to achieve practically applicable voltage and current. About 15 percent of the sun’s energy that hits the earth is reflected back into space. The solar cell is a semi conductor device, more precisely, a special type of diode. Nevertheless, they are not expected to replace wafer type silicon cells yet. Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. When sun rays hit the silicon cell, electrons begin to move, creating a flow of electric current. Although, the use of solar cells has increased widely, the efficiency of … In standard modules, the back side is usually covered by the aluminium- Tedler layer. Photovoltaic cells, by their very nature, convert radiation to electricity. However, silicon is a very brittle material, requiring relatively thick cells (~300um, although 100um thick cells can be obtained using the latest sawing technology), therefore some of the electrons excited by the photons have to travel large distances inside the materials, losing energy in a process called recombination, where electrons return to their valence band. A number of different solar cell technologies are currently applied or under development (Table 1). While the burning of fossil fuels introduces many harmful pollutants into the atmosphere and contributes to environmental problems like global warming and acid rain, solar energy is completely non-polluting. Hope for bulk solar electricity should not be abandoned, however, for recent scientific advances have created a solar cell with an efficiency of 28.2% efficiency in the laboratory. They offer a high potential for cost reduction due to their low material requirement [52]. A thorough literature review with regard to shadowing and the function of the bypass diodes is available in [56]. The solar cell development and research takes place in three stages: Step – 1 - Firstly optimization research is done mostly in small (< 1 cm 2 area) cells Step – 2 - Secondly there are modules which are second phase of solar cell development. Due to the dominance of crystalline silicon cells in the world market, this approach is reasonable. Table: Overview of the application solar-cell technologies. materials, stability and processing. The voltage at which electrons are delivered to the external circuit are slightly less than the band gap. As its name implies, photovoltaic is a technology that converts light (photo) directly into electricity (voltaic). Solar Electricity Technical Training Manual (Level 1), Alternative Energy The Sun radiates more energy in one second than people have ever used. The lost matter is emitted into space as radiant energy. The name “n-type”. The assignment may need a lot of understanding of the discipline, along with a great deal of your time, which you may not have, as you must study a lot for your exams too. Swimming pools are often heated by solar power. This solar energy can be used for the other things beyond the heating method. Organic solar cells are based on organic semiconductors. Natural resources or energy sources such as; fossil fuels, oil natural gas, etc. Methods of collecting and storing solar energy vary depending on the uses planned for the solar generator. Radiation reflected off the ground will be used by flat-plane panels but usually will be ignored by focusing collectors (in snow covered regions, this reflected radiation can be significant). They may become reverse-biased by the voltage of the remaining unshadowed cells of the series connection. Furthermore, silicon is one of the most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust, giving refineries virtually unlimited supply resources. Although they can produce far greater amounts of energy at a single point than the flat-plane collectors can, they lose some of the radiation that the flat-plane panels do not. As the primary element of construction of solar panels, silicon, is the second most common element on the planet, there is very little environmental disturbance caused by the creation of solar panels. Solar cooling is far more expensive than solar heating, so it is almost never seen in private homes. Glass is applied when the back side of the modules is desired to be transparent at the cost of reduced cooling of the solar cells and higher weight of the module. Assuming the shunt resistance is high enough to neglect the final term of the characteristic equation, the open-circuit voltage VOC is: Similarly, when the cell is operated at short circuit, V = 0 and the current I through the terminals is defined as the short-circuit current. View MME201002 RET Review assignment.pdf from MECHANICAL 3613 at Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad. Electric cars that are partially powered by solar energy are available now, but it is unlikely that solar power will provide the world’s transportation costs in the near future. A solar cell is simply a large photodiode operated in its photovoltaic mode. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. As front cover low-iron glass is used in order to minimize absorption. More still can be provided indirectly. They are mostly framed with aluminium for easier mounting; however, frameless glass-Tedler mo0dules to exist. The assembly of PV array is to be emphasized; the term PV generator is also applied. Crystalline wafer-type silicon cells are expected to dominate the world market at least for the current data. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process that converts about 650,000,0001 tons of hydrogen to helium every second. Every day enough energy strikes the United States to supply the nation’s energy needs for one and a half years! Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. 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