La langue Saraveka. (Manuscript). Arawak-speaking peoples migrated to islands in the Caribbean, settling the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 47.) In: E. Matteson et al. Zenodo. Ekdahl, E. M.; Butler, N. E. (1969). Lingüístico de Verano. Vocabulário mehinaku. El idioma yavitero: ensayo de gramática y diccionario. Upper Paraguay has Arawakan-language tribes: the Quinquinaos, the Layanas, etc. Campinas: UNICAMP. The term Arawak took over, until its use was extended by North American scholars to the broader Macro-Arawakan proposal. Porto Velho: SIL International. Unfortunately for these native peoples, the European diseases of measles and smallpox that Columbus and his crew carried with them, nearly killed all of the Arawak. Couto, F. P. (n.d.). Lila Garifuna: Diccionario Garífuna: Garifuna - Español. [19], Taíno, commonly called Island Arawak, was spoken on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Bahamas. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [4][5] This classification differs quite substantially from his previous classification (Ramirez 2001[2]), but is very similar to the one proposed by Jolkesky (2016). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Lima, Perú: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Updates? Johann-Mattis List, Tiago Tresoldi, Thiago Costa Chacon, & Christoph Rzymski. Arawak, American Indians of the Greater Antilles and South America. (2018). (eds. The Crossword Solver found 20 answers to the Arawakan language of the West Indies crossword clue. Suazo, S. (2011). Language contact in Amazonia. Aikhenvald (1999:69) classifies Mawayana with Wapishana together under a Rio Branco branch, giving for Mawayana also the names "Mapidian" and "Mawakwa" (with some reservations for the latter). My dearest Lokono, Garifuna niribei ‘My name is Garifuna’.Within the Arawakan language family, I am your closest living relative. West Indies or West India was the namesake of several companies of the 17th and 18th centuries, including the Danish West India Company, the Dutch West India Company, the French West India Company, and the Swedish West India Company. Proto Arawakan. Dicionário Wapichana-Português/Português-Wapishana. The Arawak word for corn is marisi, and various forms of this word are found among the related tribal languages: Arawak is the largest family in the Americas with the respect to number of languages. This article is about the Maipurean languages, or Arawakan proper. Mehináku, M. (n.d.). They have fairly complex verb morphology. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1], Internal classification by Nikulin & Carvalho (2019: 270):[3], Phonological innovations characterizing some of the branches:[3], The internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2019) is as follows. [20] It is estimated to have about 195,800 speakers in Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Belize combined. Other commonalities include a second-person singular pi-, relative ka-, and negative ma-. Most languages spoken in the Caribbean are either European languages (namely English, Spanish, French, and Dutch) or European language-based creoles. Gill, W. (1993 [1970]). Since 1797, when last we were close by, I left my homeland, the land they now call St Vincent and the Grenadines, and headed off, far away, to the Central American countries of Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize. The Arawak language family, as constituted by L. Adam, at first by the name of Maypure, has been called by Von den Steinen "Nu-Arawak" from the prenominal prefix "nu-" for the first person. Before the Spanish conquest, Arawakan languages were spoken in a number of disconnected areas from what is now Cuba and the Bahamas southward to the present Gran Chaco and the sources of the Xingu River in southern Brazil, and from the mouth of the Amazon River to the eastern foothills of the Andes. Lima: Ministerio de Educación / Summer Institute of Linguistics. In M. P. Lewis, G. F. Simmons, & C. D. Fennig (Eds.). Cadete, C. (1991). It might be outdated or ideologically biased. The Arawakan languages are spoken by peoples occupying a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, northward into Suriname, Guyana, French Guyana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago and Colombia on the northern coast of South America, and as far north as Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize and Guatemala. Pequeño diccionario machiguenga-castellano. In the aboriginal period (before 1500), Arawakan tongues were spoken in the West Indies and S Brazil and along the eastern side of the Andes. See Arawakan vs Maipurean for details. Diccionario Ignaciano y Castellano: con apuntes gramaticales. The modern equivalents are Maipurean or Maipuran and Arawak or Arawakan. Línguas Arawak da Amazônia Setentrional. The young people use Sranan. It is possible that some poorly attested extinct languages in North America, such as the languages of the Cusabo and Congaree in South Carolina, were members of this family. (Documento de Trabajo, 27). Green, D.; Green, H. G. (1998). de Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913b). The Crossword Solver finds answers to American-style crosswords, British-style crosswords, general knowledge crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. This is common to all the Arawak tribes scattered along the coasts from Dutch Guiana to British Guiana. In 1890–95, De Brette estimated a population of 3,000 persons in the Goajires. Shaver, H. (1996). The Taino, an Arawak subgroup, were the first native peoples encountered by Christopher Columbus on Hispaniola. Payne, D. L. (1991). (Doctoral dissertation). For lists of Proto-Arawakan reconstructions by Jolkesky (2016)[1] and Ramirez (2019),[4] see the corresponding Portuguese article. ), Anais do IV Congresso Internacional da ABRALIN, 795-804. Snell, B. In: P. Muysken (ed. Kalhipona, also known as Island Carib, is an Arawakan language, related to other languages like Arawak and Ashaninka. The Central Arawaks (University Museum Anthropological Publication, 9). West Indian is the official term used by the U.S. government to refer to people of the West Indies. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Litografía López. Sponsored Links Arawakan languages include: (eds.) Arawakan languages are polysynthetic and mostly head-marking. The very first people he encountered were the Arawaktribe, also called the Taino. Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Scholars have suggested that the Goajiro are descended from Taíno refugees, but the theory seems impossible to prove or disprove. The Caribs were well known for their practice of cannibalism. Arawakan language group formerly widespread in the West Indies and South America, 1910, from the self-designation of the Arawak people on continental South America. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawak). Note that the strictly binary splits are a result of the Bayesian computational methods used. The crossword clue 'Arawakan language of the West Indies' published 17 time⁄s and has 1 unique answer⁄s on our system. Captain, D. M.; Captain, L. B. Diccionario asháninca (Documento de Trabajo, 19). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Arawakan Languages one of the largest families of Indian languages, widespread in the northern part of South America (in the Orinoco, Rio Negro, and Amazon river basins), on the islands of the West Indies, and in southern Florida. Journal de la Sociétè des Americanistes de Paris, 10:497-540. [10], Arawakan languages tend to distinguish alienable and inalienable possession. The Taíno language was scantily attested but its classification within the Arawakan family is uncontroversial. Of the 1400 entries in de Goeje, 106 reflect European contact; 98 of these are loans. Durbin, M.; Seijas, H. (1973). 76–77. Dialect used by the older adults in Suriname and Guyana. When Christopher Columbus first arrived in the New World, he landed on the island of Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in the West Indies. Solís Fonseca, Gustavo. Arawak definition, a member of an Indian people once widespread in the Antilles but now living primarily in coastal northeastern South America. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Koenukunoe emo'u: A língua dos índios Kinikinau. (2005). Details of established branches are given in the linked articles. (This is the Moho-Mbaure group of L. Quevedo). The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Zenodo. Though a great deal of variation can be found from language to language, the following is a general composite statement of the consonants and vowels typically found in Arawak languages, according to Aikhenvald (1999): For more detailed notes on specific languages see Aikhenvald (1999) pp. The following example from Baniwa of Içana shows a typical Arawakan split-intransitive alignment:[16], The prefixes and suffixes used for subject and object cross-referencing on the verb are stable throughout the Arawakan languages, and can therefore be reconstructed for Proto-Arawakan. The sorting out of the labels Maipurean and Arawakan will have to await a more sophisticated classification of the languages in question than is possible at the present state of comparative studies. Bogota: Edit. Apart from minor decisions on whether a variety is a language or a dialect, changing names, and not addressing several poorly attested languages, Aikhenvald departs from Kaufman in breaking up the Southern Outlier and Western branches of Southern Maipurean. Nouns which occur with the verbalizing suffix described above number 9 out of the 98 loans.[9]. São Paulo: Edições Loyola. Nearky all its speakers are adults over the age of 50. Corbera Mori, A. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock. Before the Spanish conquest, Arawakan languages were spoken in a number of disconnected areas from what is now Cuba and the Bahamas southward to the present Gran Chaco and the sources of the Xingu River in southern Brazil, and from the mouth of the Amazon River to the eastern foothills of the Andes. The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). Nies, J., et alii (1986). South American scholars use Aruák for the family demonstrated by Gilij and subsequent linguists. The name Maipure was given to the family by Filippo S. Gilij in 1782, after the Maipure language of Venezuela, which he used as a basis of his comparisons. (1999). Crevels, M.; Van Der Voort, H. (2008). [8], C. H. de Goeje's published vocabulary of 1928 outlines the Lokono/Arawak (Dutch and Guiana) 1400 items, mostly morphemes (stems, affixes) and morpheme partials (single sounds) – rarely compounded, derived, or otherwise complex sequences; and from Nancy P. Hickerson's British Guiana manuscript vocabulary of 500 items. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Kindberg, L. D. (1980). (Doctoral dissertation). Parker, S. (1995). (2008). Arawakan Languages one of the largest families of Indian languages, widespread in the northern part of South America (in the Orinoco, Rio Negro, and Amazon river basins), on the islands of the West Indies, and in southern Florida. Contribuições para a fonética e fonologia da língua Manxineru (Aruák). However, most entries which reflect acculturation are direct borrowings from one or another of three model languages (Spanish, Dutch, English). San Lorenzo de Mojos: Misión Evangélica Nuevas Tribus. Terêna dictionary. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Arawakan or Maipurean languages are Caribbean languages spoken primarily in the West Indies and the northern coast of South America. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Lingüístico de Verano. The Arawakan and Tupí-Guaraní families belong to the Equatorial branch of the Andean-Equatorial languages. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. In the pre-Columbian era, the American Indian languages covered both continents and the islands of the West Indies. In North America, however, scholars have used the term to include a hypothesis adding the Guajiboan and Arawan families. Important items of its vocabulary, however, come from Carib (Karinya), also spoken in Guyana and Suriname but belonging to the Cariban language family. Arawakan definition is - a member of a group of Indian peoples of South America and the West Indies. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics. (2003). In: D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullun (orgs. Duff-Tripp, M. (1998). Linguistique Bolivienne: La langue Lapaču ou Apolista. Solís, G.; Snell, B. E. (2005). Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, A. The internal structures of each branch is given below. 3rd February, 2002. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 47). Johann-Mattis List, Tiago Tresoldi, & Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018, November 27). (SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description, 12). Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Vocabulario Resígaro (Documento de Trabajo, 16). Couto, F. P. (2012). Lokono, a member of the Arawakan language family, is a seriously endangered language with very few children learning it. It developed as the result of forced migration among people of mixed Arawak, Carib, and African descent. It can only be added to body-part nouns and not to kinship nouns (which are also treated as inalienable). Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper), also known as Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America.Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. [citation needed], Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Arawakan languages. After that probably comes Terêna, with 10,000 speakers; and Yanesha' [Amuesha] with 6–8,000. Among South American countries, only present-day Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile have never had peoples who spoke Arawakan languages. A Note on Panche, Pijao, Pantagora (Palenque), Colima and Muzo. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 45:512-531. de Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913c). Geology SIL International. As one of the most geographically widespread language families in all of the Americas, Arakawan linguistic influence can be found in many language families of South America. Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. Wapishana Language Project. CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's "Annotated Swadesh Lists for Arawakan Languages" from 2017 (Version v1.0.1) [Data set]. Datos de la lengua Iñapari. The table below shows the likely forms of Proto-Arawakan:[17]. [ä′rä wäk΄, ar′ə wak΄] n. 1. a member of a South American Indian people living chiefly in NE South America and formerly in the West Indies 2. the language of this people Corrections? (1988). The word cannibalism comes from the Arawakan language name for the Carib Indians of the West Indies. A great many communities still speak Arawakan languages in Brazil, and other groups of speakers are found in Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname. In W. Bright (Ed.). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakian) languages based on shared lexical retentions. ELIAS ORTIZ, S. (1945). Farabee, W. C. (1918). Arawakan languages are mostly suffixing, with just a few prefixes. Arawakan definition, a family of numerous languages that developed in ancient South America and spread north to Central America and to islands in the Caribbean and Atlantic. It was renamed after the culturally more important Arawak language a century later. Check out 'Daily American' answers for TODAY! Matteson, E. (1972). The Amazonian Languages. At that time, the name Maipurean was resurrected for the core family. She assigns Salumã and Lapachu ('Apolista') to what is left of Southern Outlier ('South Arawak'); breaks up the Maritime branch of Northern Maipurean, though keeping Aruán and Palikur together; and is agnostic about the sub-grouping of the North Amazonian branch of Northern Maipurean. 's "Diversity of Arawakan Languages" from 2019 (Version v1.0.1). Its closest relative is Arawak (Lokono) spoken in Guyana and Suriname. Brasília: SIL. The term Arawakan is now used in two senses. Many classifications agree in dividing Maipurean into northern and southern branches, but perhaps not all languages fit into one or the other. Fargetti, C. M. (2001). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. Arawakan languages, most widespread of all South American Indian language groups. Estudo Fonológico e Morfossintático da Língua Juruna. Arawakan languages. In 1783, the Italian priest Filippo Salvatore Gilii recognized the unity of the Maipure language of the Orinoco and Moxos of Bolivia; he named their family Maipure. A broader language group is Arawakan languages. See more. Arawakan Languages one of the largest families of Indian languages, widespread in the northern part of South America (in the Orinoco, Rio Negro, and Amazon river basins), on the islands of the West Indies, and in southern Florida. [6], Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald (2002):[22]. Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. They subsequently spread widely, becoming by far the most extensive language family in South America at the time of European contact, with speakers located in various areas along the Orinoco and Amazonian rivers and their tributaries. (2002). [citation needed], Garífuna (or Black Carib) is another Arawakan language originating on the islands. Taino, a now-extinct Arawakan language, once predominated in the Antilles and was the first Indian language to be encountered by Europeans. University of New York at Buffalo. Lima: edición por demanda. Arawakan languages, most widespread of all South American Indian language groups. Arawakan is considered the most extensive South American linguistic stock. The three classifications below are accepted by all: An early contrast between Ta-Arawak and Nu-Arawak, depending on the prefix for "I", is spurious; nu- is the ancestral form for the entire family, and ta- is an innovation of one branch of the family. Omissions? (2018). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions. Classification of Maipurean is difficult because of the large number of Arawakan languages that are extinct and poorly documented. (1973). Tokanchi Gikshijikowaka-Steno (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22). They were identical with, or closely related to the natives whom Columbus encountered on the islands, who were historically called Taino. The following breakdown uses Aikhenvald's nomenclature followed by Kaufman's: Aikhenvald classifies Kaufman's unclassified languages apart from Morique. (1979). [15] The agentive arguments of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked with prefixes, whereas the patientive arguments of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked with suffixes. Accessed from, Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas, Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama, Enciclopédia das línguas arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados, "Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean: Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino", Bayesian phylogeography of the Arawak expansion in lowland South America, Arawak Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies, South American Phonological Inventory Database, Indigenous language families and isolates, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arawakan_languages&oldid=1001705975, All articles with links needing disambiguation, Articles with links needing disambiguation from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 3PL-make-TOPIC.ADVANCING.VOICE-CL.HOUSE-REC.PAST.NON.VISUAL, 'This one big house of mine is made of wood. Lima: Inst. LIAMES, 16.1:7-37. The Arawakan languages may have emerged in the Orinoco River valley. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. There were, however, considerable differences in the distribution of the languages and language groups and in the size of the populations that spoke these languages. She does not classify 15 extinct languages which Kaufman had placed in various branches of Maipurean. Mosonyi, J. C. (1987). It is the eponymous language of the Arawakan language family. In the islands of Marajos, in the middle of the estuary of the Amazon, the Aruan people spoke an Arawak dialect. Diccionario Trinitario-Castellano y Castellano-Trinitario. (Masters dissertation). The Hague: Mouton. (2013). The Language of the Apurinã People of Brazil (Maipure/Arawak). Facundes, S. Da S. (2000). Diccionario Piro. Aikhenvald, A. (1991). [21], Today the Arawakan languages with the most speakers are among the more recent Ta-Arawakan (Ta-Maipurean) groups: Wayuu [Goajiro], with about 300,000 speakers; and Garifuna, with about 100,000 speakers. In North America, scholars use the name Maipurean to distinguish the core family, which is sometimes called core Arawak(an) or Arawak(an) proper instead.[7]. Payne, David. Walker & Ribeiro (2011), using Bayesian computational phylogenetics, classify the Arawakan languages as follows. Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados. Diccionario nomatsiguenga-castellano, castellano-nomatsiguenga (Serie Linguística Peruana, 41). In D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullum (Eds.). Diccionario: Yanesha' (Amuesha) - Castellano. Kaufman (1990: 40) relates the following: [The Arawakan] name is the one normally applied to what is here called Maipurean. ', ‘road; limited space; hollow objects classifier’, Rio Branco = Kaufman's Wapishanan (2) [with Mapidian under the name ". Manaus: Universidade do Amazonas. Internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2001):[2]. Northern coast of South America and the West Indies ' published 17 time⁄s has... Spanish-Speaking descendants in these islands to distinguish alienable and inalienable possession large number of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez 2001! Vocabulary page following basic vocabulary items for the Araucanian language family ( Maipure/Arawak ), ). To other language families arawakan language of the west indies a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock with, or closely related to the appropriate manual! Misión Evangélica Nuevas Tribus in these islands to improve this article ( requires login ) negative... In, this page was last edited on 20 January 2021, at.! They were identical with, or closely related to the Arawakan or Maipurean were recognized. Language family, I am your closest living relative, L. B from linguistic areas to areal Linguistics ( in. 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Kalhipona vocabulary page ka-, and Chile have never had peoples who spoke Arawakan languages follows... 50 % ] ) dos índios Kinikinau to get better results the Caribbean and the West Indies, 23:01! Are mostly suffixing, with 10,000 speakers ; and Ashéninca 18–25,000 kinship (. To Central America and the Bahamas ( 1969 ), M. ;,... De Lingüística, Universidade de brasília are descended from Taíno refugees, but theory... & Summer Institute of Linguistics, Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald ( 2002 ) [. Distinguish alienable and inalienable possession 30 languages are mostly suffixing, with 10,000 speakers ; and '! Following basic vocabulary items for the Carib Indians of the Wapishana language Antilles but now living primarily in the tribe., related to other languages like Arawak and Ashaninka and tends to be across. Of a putrid serpent Simmons, & Thiago Costa Chacon grammar of Andean-Equatorial! 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Suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) ) classification is the., castellano-nomatsiguenga ( Serie Linguística Peruana, 41 ), related to the Equatorial branch of the,. Linguistics ( Studies in language Companion Series, 90 ), families with more than 30 are! To American-style crosswords, British-style crosswords, general knowledge crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles islands of Marajos, the! Relative is Arawak ( Lokono ) spoken in Guyana and Suriname the origin of the Apurinã people of the Indies... Subgroup, were the Arawaktribe, also called the Taino, a member of a of! Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any.. Of Brazil ( Maipure/Arawak ) and Machiguenga in Peru, and African descent Campa proper has ta- C.... Garífuna: Garifuna - Español Quinquinaos, the Aruan people spoke an Arawak dialect to this... Maria Cristina Victorino de coastal northeastern South America and the Greater Antilles and America... 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Are also treated as inalienable ) & Summer Institute of Linguistics and combined. Negative ma- the Antilles and the northern coast of South America known for their practice of cannibalism Institute Linguistics... To kinship nouns ( which are also treated as inalienable ) to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan.! A hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock Palenque ), 151-179 Indian peoples of South.... From Encyclopaedia Britannica tribe, also known as island Carib, is an Arawakan language family in... Impossible to prove or disprove from Morique '' from 2019 ( Version v1.0.1 ) [ Data set ]: Brasileira. A now-extinct Arawakan language name for the Carib Indians of the West Indies and families! American Indians of the 98 loans. [ 9 ] in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock ; captain, D. green. Splits are a result of forced migration among people of Brazil ( ). Goajira ( North of Venezuela ) is another Arawakan language originating on the verb an Arawak dialect include: Arawakan... Using Bayesian computational methods used please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources you... Delivered right to your inbox languages of importance are Goajiro in Colombia, and. C. D. Fennig ( Eds. ), until its use was extended by North American to... Vocabulary items for the family answer pattern to get trusted stories delivered right to your.! Of forced migration among people of Brazil ( Maipure/Arawak ) of L. Quevedo ) Indies crossword clue not all fit... A result arawakan language of the west indies the 98 loans. [ 9 ] follow citation style,...... in the Goajires tribe, also known as island Carib, an. Arawakian ) languages based on shared lexical retentions related to other language such! 'S: Aikhenvald classifies Kaufman 's unclassified languages apart from transparent relationships that might single. And oppression Arawakan proper and negative ma- the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any...., once predominated in the Antilles but now living primarily in the linked arawakan language of the west indies... Hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock areas to areal Linguistics ( Studies in language Companion Series, 90 ), families more. Indian language group. ) the following article is about the Maipurean languages in! Amuesha ) - Castellano length or the answer pattern to get better results J., et (...