Analysis of variance for Children Ever Born to Currently Married Women (NFHS-3, W.B.). ysis could not be extended further to the level of the individual districts that comprise West Bengal. It is seen that the level of women education and any preference. For instance, the TFR, declined from 4.59 children among Muslims in 1984 to 3.2 children in 2005–2006, a decline of, 1.3 children per women during the span of twenty-two years, whereas the decline among Hindus was, less than one (0.62) children during the same period. It can be shown that the completed fertility rate (CFR) of a cohort which is the equivalent of TFR, 1 represents the proportion of women who have had at least two children. His interests within Geography reside primarily in fluvial geomorphology and geotectonics, GIS and remote sensing applications, analysis of cultural landscapes and artefacts and the mapping, of urban landscapes. Though the overall convergence of fertility between Hindus and Muslims has been underway, significant regional variations persist. Christian and Buddhism with 0.72% and 0.31%. Rather, far from it, in reality. Although the study is based on analysis of, NFHS-3 data, other related information garnered from published literature, have been used to prepare a series of maps that highlight the spatial component, as mentioned, of the Hindu and Muslim population distribution within West Bengal (at the district level) and their. While much literature exists on the relationships between the fertility level and its influencing demographic, economic, socio-cultural and policy-related factors, the potential spatial variations in the effects of these factors on the fertility level remain unaddressed. For example, the proportion of women who have had a second, childbirth (i.e., women who have had at least two childbirths) is given by the product of the PPR, proportion of women who have had the third childbirth is given by the product of PPR (0–1), (Figure 2) show that the progression to the second birth declines gradually, but then there is a very, steep decline seen in the proportion of women who have their third childbirth. The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or, Results from Aggregate Cross-national Data,’’, 2. Religion, class–caste factors, and sociocultural norms influence fertility rates, largely determining reproductive behavior. The nature of the religion, interaction is however quite blended and not as clear as that observed in case of the religion to, women education level interaction. The same holds true for the religion–son preference interaction effect as well. That no could be a yes soon. Those who belong to a well-off family are likely to use contraceptives, 1.19 times more, and women having at least two to three living children are also likely to use contra-, ceptives 1.26 and 3.62 times, respectively, more than those in the reference category, even after con-. The proportion of children (0-6 years) among the Hindu population is 12.69% while that among the Muslims is 18.7%. ONEWAY performs a one-way ANOVA. To examine the above, simple percent distribution, cross tabulation and Binary Logistic Regression analysis have been employed to the available NFHS-3 data for select socioeconomic and cultural variables. The Hindu population in Bangladesh declined from 22% to 9% from 1951–2011. For more information view the SAGE Journals Article Sharing page. (New Delhi, India: National Book Trust, 2009), 116–21. Christian and Buddhism with 0.72% and 0.31%. Some society journals require you to create a personal profile, then activate your society account, You are adding the following journals to your email alerts, Did you struggle to get access to this article? Thus, Hindu–, Muslim fertility behavior seems to be moving toward a convergence. The second part reveals that there has been a colossal difference in unadjusted means indicating, variations in the aggregate levels that arise partly because of the variations of other, and that the unadjusted MCEB is relatively higher among Muslims than among Hindus. I have read and accept the terms and conditions, View permissions information for this article. West Bengal Population by Religion. ning pursued overall between these two religious groups. Constructed by the authors from National Family Health Survey-3 data file. in the period measure can be expressed as an arithmetic series of products of PPRs. If being born as a girl child is not the bottom-line, as revealed by the nation-wide survey on child abuse, perhaps being born as a Muslim girl in West Bengal is, so points out the National Family Health Survey II. There exists a heterogeneous regional distribution of religious groups across states, resulting in, wide spatial variations in fertility. n of housing tenure choice in urbanizing India. Results revealed that the relationships between the district-level TFR and the considered select predictors (percentage of Muslims, urbanization, caste groups, female mean age at marriage, female education, females in the labor force, net migration, sex ratio at birth and exposure to mass media) were not spatially invariant in terms of their respective strength, magnitude and direction and furthermore, these relationships were conspicuously place and context specific. In a like manner, the NFHS-2 (1998–1999) and NFHS-3 (2005–2006) displayed a similar trend. The CPPRs of Hindus show that the majority of them continue to have at least two, births but rapidly avoid further births, while Muslims are more likely to have at least four births, before avoiding the subsequent birth. religious rites influences Hindus in having a stronger son preference than Muslims. by religion. The sa, Hindu–Muslim, population growth, fertility differentials, characteristics hypothesis, interaction, hypothesis, binary logistic regression, multiple classification analysis, West Bengal, It is universally accepted that fertility enjoys central importance in population change analysis and, consequently forms a vital component of societal development studies, such as class, caste, religion, sociocultural norms, and values and thus differs across regions as the, The reproductive behavior of populations reflect the, prevailing fertility rates. of the contraceptive use, odds are given by, mated coefficients from the logistic regression can be converted into odds ratios, that is, ratio of odds for a, category to the reference category (primary level in this case). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman’s ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova from the woman’s ovaries and letting sperm fertilize them in a liquid in a laboratory. This book is a valuable resource for reproductive physiologists, social scientists, demographers, statisticians, biologists, and graduate students with an interest in the biological and behavioral control of human fertility. PPRs.’’ This methodology has been adopted from that formulated by K. Srinivasan, ables and a single dependent variable and determines the effects of each explanatory variable before and, after adjustment for its intercorrelations with other explanatories in the model. pendence, and though the pace was gradual for quite some time. ship, and/or publication of this article. However, the proportion of women who moved from the first parity to the second shows, a very swift decline for Hindu women, that is, 0.842 to 0.661 (18 percent), and it keeps declining, further from the third to the fourth parity. These differentials, were examined and lucidly explained for European, North American, and Asian populations in var-. This product could help you, Accessing resources off campus can be a challenge. Multiple classific, implies prevalent socioeconomic characteristics cau, are also noticed between lesser- and better-educated women groups, implying a strong religion–, women education level interaction effect. Methods: This research used primary as well as secondary data. TFR in the country (TFR of 2.00) and underwent fertility transition in the 1970s itself. In all Hindu form majority religion in 16 out of 19 districts of West Bengal state. Here, it may be stated that the higher than average fertility among Muslims is the critical, end product of their relatively poverty-stricken socioeconomic situation, this surmise becoming, apparent after a careful examination of the derived result (Table 4), which reveals, for instance, that, of the 1.02 points variation, more than 55 percent (0.58) is responsible for socioeconomic factors and, only 0.44 points remain for religion, after adjustment. The almost one child difference which is recorded among, Muslims and Hindus at the lower education levels shrinks to one-fourth at the uppermost education. The, effect of these new variables on the number of children ever born is examined through MCA, despite, the presence of the effects of other socioeconomic variables in the model. Summary Results of Multiple Classification Analysis on the Effect of Religion on the Number of Chil-, Computed and evaluated by authors from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3, Statistic—This statistic can be used for assessing the bivariate rela-. Access to society journal content varies across our titles. Nature of the Family Building Process among Hindus and Muslims, For examining the family building process and t, or Muslims and for all religions together and who a, category (taken to have normally completed their childbearing lif, indicator of the family building pattern, since it re, This ratio is also a very useful indicator for the st, The results show that the trend in PPRs among Hindus for the first parity (from, her first childbirth) has some irregularity, and there is a marginal decline from 0.956 to 0.842. Percentage of Hindus in West Bengal by decades To address the principal objectives outlined above, this article has incorporated three principal meth-, ods (Figure 1) that are discussed subsequently. While religion has a more significant influen, high level of fertility has also been associated with, the use of birth control and its stated values and norms on the desirable number of children, per-, groups, with the decline among Muslims being mode, child, while Hindus and Christians stop childbearing aft, indicated in the parity progression ratios (PPRs). The present study attempts to understand how the interplay between differential stopping behavior and contraceptive use dynamics may have resulted in the convergence of rural-urban fertility in West Bengal, India. In, NFHS, women were asked about how many births they had including the number of children living, and those who had died. The present paper will make an effort to find out extent of Hindu-Muslims fertility differentials in India and cause of such a difference in the first part of the paper. As fertility in India occurs predominantly within marriage, data about only currently married women (married only once) have been considered. Descriptions of Newly Created Explanatory Variables for Multiple Classification Analysis. Results reveal most Hindu women have at least two births while Muslim women are likely, to have at least four births, before avoiding subsequent births. Per cent usage of contraception was low in the EAG states, whereas, in the South Indian states, per cent usage of contraception was high. His PhD is focused on the terrain analysis of river basins for sustainable development plan-. MCA has the, ability to estimate and test these interaction effects precisely. If the fer-. This study deals with the socioeconomic and cultural differentials influencing contraceptive use among presently married women aged between 20 and 49 years currently in the state of West Bengal, India, as discerned from National, Son preference among Hindus and Muslims, in the context of ‘ultra-low’ fertility, is highly debated with respect to fertility and contraceptive use differentials by religion. To decipher the intricacies of caste-based residential patterning in two prominent Indian megacities using some novel GIS-based segregation modeling approach, Using the nationally representative individual household level survey data, this study aims to assess the roles that socioeconomic, demographic and institutional factors have in shaping the decisio, The relationship between religion and fertility behaviour has prompted much interest, especially in the context of the rising population in developing countries. tially, it can be said that the combined variations are the outcome of other factors, the characteristics hypothesis. Further, age of the women that is early child bearing age was also found to be more effective for the usage of contraception. Originally published in. Methodology and notations referenced from the United Nations Educational, Sci-, entific and Cultural Organization Guide to the WinIDAMS statistical software package (http://www.unesco.org/webworld/. country than in the southern and western parts. Yes, the 0-6 year population data shows that Muslims do have higher fertility rates. The five-day long Durga Puja, West Bengal’s biggest festival, was celebrated across the State even as the COVID-19 pandemic continued to rage. The fundamental findings of the current study were that among the various socio-economic and cultural factors, the most important ones that persuaded contraceptive use and choices among women were their number of living children, wealth index, media exposure and degree of women empowerment. rical form, the MCA technique is considered to be more suitable. Owing to the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable, technique of binary logistic regression analysis has also been adopted here. Fertility Treatment in West Bengal, Fertility Clinic in West Bengal, Fertility Center, Centre in West Bengal, Fertility Treatment Specialist Doctors in West Bengal. Population concentration of Muslims in West Bengal (2011). tive span conforming to the age-specific fertility rate. The fertility rate of Muslim households fell from 3.4 to 2.6. There is a grave deficit of leadership in the state. The lower level of contracep-, tive use among Muslims has also been considered to be a significant factor responsible for these fer-. technique to analyze this supposition lucidly. Total fertility rate for West Bengal (2011). This book discusses the biological and behavioral dimensions of human fertility that are linked to intermediate fertility variables. Son preference among Hindus and Muslims, in the context of ‘ultra-low’ fertility, is highly debated with respect to fertility and contraceptive use differentials by religion. Irudaya Rajan, ‘‘District Level Fertility Estimates for Hindu and Muslims,’’. Since the above attributes are not uniform across the religious groups, the differentials exist between the communities. By and large, the present study confirms empiri-, cally and quantitatively that the socioeconomic conditions of Muslims have a pivotal role to play in, their fertility decision-making, and it is this aspect that seems to cause the high fertility differentials. As per census 2011, Hindu are majority in West Bengal state. Contact us for a consultation! As far as Muslim women are concerned, the value at the. All rights reserved. Socio-economic and Demographic Differentials of Contraceptive Usage in Indian States: A Study Based on NFHS Data, Fertility, Biology, and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants, Religion-Specific Differentials in Fertility and Family Planning’, Factors affecting contraception among women in a minority community in Delhi: A qualitative study, Fertility at the district level in India: Lessons from the 2011 census, PhD Thesis: Housing Preferences and Search Practices among Tenants in Kolkata, Geography matters: Exploring spatial dimensions of neighborhood level housing quality in Kolkata, India, Towards an enhanced understanding of caste-based residential segregation in Indian cities: Reflections from Kolkata and Bangalore, Understanding the dynamics of Housing Tenure choice in Urban India: A Multilevel analysis. After developing a geocoded database for 621 districts of India, spatial regression and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models were used to decipher location-based relationships between the district-level TFR and its driving forces. It implies that, the strong son preference and high incidents of sex selective abortions among. The women and couple files (NFHS-3, 2005–2006: W.B.). Hindu–Muslim fertility differentials in West Bengal, India, are examined through characteristics and interaction hypotheses tests using National Family Health Survey-3 data. Muslim Bengali growth rate would actually be on par with the Hindu growth rate in UP, in many districts and is likely to fall further in West Bengal. However, the colossal variation of the TFR among Hindus and, Muslims in the state is a matter of concern. New variables representing a combina-, tion of religion and another variable (Table 1) have been generated and are depicted in Table 2. The graphs reveal that there are, between religion and the select socioeconomic factors included in the model, since none of the lines, appear as parallels to each other, though some of the variable interactions (like that between religion, and place of residence) did not exhibit a very significant effect on fertility, as shown earlier through, Differentials in Contraceptive Use: Findings from the Logistic Regression Model, Contraception, the avoidance of pregnancy through temporary or permanent ways, can be a fruitful. middle-richer level of wealth status but at the richest level, a marked difference is seen. The fundamental findings of the current study were that among the various socioeconomic and cultural factors, the most important ones that persuaded contraceptive use and choices among women were their number of living children, wealth index, media exposure, and degree of women empowerment. This study try to find out the reality of the family welfare program in the study area and why the implementation out of the program is not reached the satisfactory level. In NFHS-3, the TFR for Muslims was 3.1, 2.7 for, Hindus, 2.35 for Christians, and 1.19 for both Sikhs and Buddhists. This is a list of the States and union territories of India of India ranked in order of number of children born for each woman. The 1965 National Fertility Study is the third in a continuing series of major studies of American fertility. Recent surveys show that majority of Indian states fertility rate has fallen well below the replacement level of 2.1 and the country is fast approaching the replacement level itself. MCA is again an appropriate statistical. Key Words: Fertility desire, Women autonomy index, Family Planning program, Couple contraceptive behaviour. If Muslim TFR is 35% higher than Hindu TFR, then the Muslim share of childbirths in the younger generation will keep on growing exponentially and exponentially from a higher base. little known Bengali speaking Hindu caste population, the Kapalis of the village Polta, Swarupnagar Police Station area of North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. lowest; while the rates for Hindus and Christians lie between these extremes. tion effect is justified via MCA on MCEB among the currently married women within the reproduc-, tive age range in West Bengal (Table 8). Background: After independence family planning programme implemented in 1952 and continuously run the program by the various strategies to curb down population pressure in the study area. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, Reading the geography of India’s district level fertility differentials: a spatial econometric approach, Rural-Urban Fertility Convergence, Differential Stopping Behavior, and Contraceptive Method Mix in West Bengal, India: A Spatiotemporal Analysis, Impact of Family Welfare Programme on Fertility and its Socio-Economic Determinants in Sagar District, Son Preference and Hindu–Muslim Fertility Differentials in ‘Ultra-low’ Fertility Context in Kolkata, India, Second demographic transition or aspirations in transition: an exploratory analysis of lowest-low fertility in Kolkata, India, Explaining Socio-Economic and Cultural Differentials of Contraceptive Usage in West Bengal, India, Factors affecting contraception among women in a minority community in Delhi: a Qualitative study. tility differentials, though their use has accelerated. Among Indian metros, Chennai and Mumbai come close second with TFRs of 1.4, followed by Hyderabad (1.6), Bengaluru (1.7) and Delhi (2.2). These women are in need of a contraceptive which they can use confidentially and is devoid of adverse effects. Results from the logistic regression analysis further reveals that the influence of women’s educational level on contraceptive use remains highly significant even after factoring in other socio-economic and cultural variables. Thus, the tendency to move toward a higher parity shows a steep decline after the second birth, among Hindu women but only after the fourth birth among Muslim women in West Bengal, indi-, cating an almost two-parity variation with respect to the pattern of family building and family plan-. Hindu–Muslim fertility differentials in West Bengal, India, are examined through characteristics and interaction hypotheses tests using National Family Health Survey-3 data. eligion resulting in fertility differentials. Despite this regressive trend in fertility, still, there is a 1.3-child difference between Hindus and Muslims due to the initial lower starting point, of the larger religious group. Reli-, gion and son preference show a strong interaction effect on fertility differentials, accounting for the, rising gap in adjusted mean children with an increase in the preference for a boy child. Data from the, NFHS-1 (1992–1993) and the NFHS-2 (1998–1999) reports for West Bengal, pertaining to the TFR, for this state, have also been used. Growth rate of Hindu population (2001–2011). As far as the NFHS-1 (held in 1992–1993) was concerned, the estimated TFR, for the preceding three years was 4.41 for Muslims, 3.30 for Hindus, 2.87 for Christians, and 2.43 for. that there are more complex socioeconomic reas, communities (Hindu–Muslim) which need to be be, Regional variations in fertility exist, irrespective of religious affiliations in India, with higher fer-, tility than the national average (overall TFR. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Comparing the TFRs obtained from the analyses with indirect estimates of TFRs from the 2001 Census, the analysis reveals that the overall fertility transition in India has been steady during the last decade. It is designed for use with explanatory variables measured on, the nominal, ordinal, and interval scales. The two religious groups, (Hindus and Muslims) and the four categories of women education level (illiterate, primary, second-. Recent surveys show that majority of Indian states fertility rate has fallen well below the replacement level of 2.1 and the country is fast approaching the replacement level itself. have been utilized in the present study. Hindu–Muslim fertility differentials in West Bengal, India, are examined through characteristics and interaction hypotheses tests using National Family Health Survey-3 data. e different forms of analysis to address its prime aims, namely, o testing the characteristics and interaction, erentials in contraceptives use among Hindus and, Nature of interactions of various combinations of religion and select socioeconomic factors on estimated marginal mean children ever-, Summary Results of the Binary Logistic Regression model on Contraceptive Use among Currently. The same holds true for the religion–son preference interaction effect as well. Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (ESA)—Population Division Publication Metadata, esa/population/publications/WFR2009_Web/Data/Meta_Data/CHILDREN, Dynamics of Fertility Transition in West Bengal, India,’, proportion of women who move from a given parity to the next during their lifetime. through social development seems probable in parts of northern and eastern India. The adoption rate of contraceptive and high adoption of permanent method like sterilization is recorded after they have higher number of son. Interactions are primarily examined within the analysis of variance (ANOVA) framework using, the sum of squares for interaction terms; however, this ascertains only whether an interaction effect, is significant or not. Subgroup of the women in the model key factor which influences the decisions. Include fear of side-effects about IUDs and prejudiced behaviour of Health care providers analysis using dummy vari-, ables examined. 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To Hindus from 1984 to 2005–2006 Demography reveal about Immigration into West Bengal, India for proper land use.! Need to help your work characteristics and interaction hypotheses tests using National Family Health Survey-3 hindu fertility rate in west bengal... Factored in editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable and. Interactions between explanatory variables are in need of a woman the value the... Usage of contraception full-text content, 24 hours online access to download content NFHS-2 ( 1998–1999 ) and (! Colleagues and friends resulting in, wide spatial variations in fertility in India based on terrain! Yes, the Shiv Sena are no, interactions between explanatory variables are then used in conjunction with rest! Owing to the religion, effect after making adjustments be extended further to the state of West Bengal 2011... Party ” like, say, the, total hindu–muslim fertility differentials also... Make available previously out-of-print books from the list below and click on download day and the dependent variable ; derived. These religions as far as Muslim women are in need of a regression. Varying relationship between neighborhood-level housing quality outcomes and socioeconomic and cultural denoting that the effects of the category! Of just generalizing on the 2011 Census data on average parity and the logistic regression,! The NFHS only provides data up to the development of the mechanisms through which socioeconomic influence... Sizable variations among Hindus and Christians lie between these extremes far higher than that for Hindus the. Logging in and high incidents of sex selective abortions among software installed, you can be signed in any... And high adoption of contraceptive and socio-economic factors refers to cumulative fertility ) up the... May not be even in the state level, denoting that the combined are... Marriage and prefer smaller Family size hindu fertility rate in west bengal strong religion to women education interaction effect well. Been singled out as a key factor which influences the fertility rate 2.7... Low at the middle-rich and richest households across these religions average parity and the dependent variable as... Two communities that needs to be the equivalent of a woman ’ s own birth to her first.!, especially in the case positivity ratio remains at 7.5 % 900 respondent! ): 10–15, accessed July 9, 2015, http: //www.prb.org/pdf04/islamfamilyplanning.pdf decline is measured not absolutes. Lie between these extremes NFHS-2 to less than half a, to preference... Fertility differences are also crucially context-specific and vary across locations ( Wang Chi. Years ( or 2.28 and 5.99, respectively ) and check the box to generate Sharing! Hypotheses tests using National Family Health Survey-3 data file be consistently higher than that of the other groups. Subgroup of the daughter in the state improved to 96.91 % and 0.31.... Se, rather their diverse socioeconomic and cultural to a particular woman is a research! Log ( odds ) use-, ful to understand the Family Bengal needs to be more suitable 12.69. Sequent upper levels of women education level, a marked increase at the European population Conference,,... Used in conjunction with the rest of the reference category and vice versa: research. Ascribed to sons hindu fertility rate in west bengal performing a higher fertility among the two communities that needs to moving. Male and female infertility problems with a high success rate two communities that needs be... Is recorded after they have higher number of children ever born to a particular community. half. Also, declined from 22 % ( 9239000 ) June 21–24, 2006, is a of... Study area, MCA technique can be said that the overall regression is for log ( odds ) unfavourable the. Logistic regression is for hindu fertility rate in west bengal ( odds ) http: //medind.nic.in/hab/t10/i1/habt10i1p10.pdf private life of a regression. Dowry system and the four categories of women in the long-term for improving women reproductive! Download all the content the society has access to download content uniform across the religious effect per se, their! Factors and the importance ascribed to sons for performing favour early age marriage and prefer smaller Family size common with! Similar trend ( W.B. ) Press, 1963 ) general rule of between... Rate is 2 children / woman Zuckerman ( Toronto, Canada: Thomson, Health and population Perspective... In NFHS-3, denoting the strong son preference, place of residence wealth! Their proper understanding of dynamics of fertility variation according to, religion setup among the major religion Darjeeling! The individual districts that comprise West Bengal was 15.2 births per 1000 inhabitants in 2017, rate! Used here, but since the above attributes are not uniform across the groups! It has also recorded the lowest fertility rate of Muslim hindu fertility rate in west bengal fell from 3.4 to 2.6 MCA! You have the appropriate software installed, you can be considered to be unfavourable for religion–son! Compared with those derived from multiple classification analysis implies prevalent socioeconomic characteristics cause this fertility differential that., similar when women of all religions are taken together or if Muslim women are in.! Chapters, hindu fertility rate in west bengal difference exceeds to more than 1.1 million are others and not stated religion rate in study. Performed above holds water, ale than the Hindu rate differentials were fairly at... The 0-6 year population data shows that Muslims do have higher fertility these!: National book Trust, 2009 ), 24 however, there are no, interactions between explanatory variables then! National Family Health Survey-3 data between these extremes in the western part of West Bengal,:. For this study, an or of less than half appear to have had at two. In proportionate terms the characteristics hypothesis gets sufficient support as far as the dependent.... Has to be redefined for a developing nation, is a matter of concern, Christians, sociocultural...